Structural changes in chromosomes can be
classified according to cytological types and
their effect on the phenotype. The main cytological
types are translocation (exchange) (see
p. 198), deletion (loss, see p. 182), inversion, insertion,
isochromosome, dicentric chromosome,
and ring chromosome (see below). According
to their effects, they can be differentiated
as balanced or unbalanced. With a
balanced rearrangement, no chromosomal
material has been lost or gained. In this case,
there is no effect on the phenotype. In unbalanced
aberrations, chromosomal material
has either been added (partial duplication) or
lost (partial deficiency).
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